Academic and Professional Development Assignment

Academic and Professional Development - Assignment Example The paper manages to set up questionnaires that were used to capture accounting students’ attitude towards plagiarism. The questionnaires were administered to accounting students in both undergraduate and post graduate levels. The final results were then analyzed and comparisons were made (Yeo, 2007, p.12). Previous empirical studies have discovered a number of factors that relate to student plagiarism such as environmental factors, demographic variables and moral capability. However, none of the research has ever considered comprehensive factors of plagiarism (Barrett and Cox, 2005, p. 14). Most of the previous studies have often tested linear relationships between constructs instead of constructing the validity of hypothesized models. Considering the collection of data, all the previous studies sampled only undergraduate students and not post graduate students (Bornstein, 2007. p.17). This paper introduces a number of factors that have been left out in the previous empirical studies into a hypothesized model, for instance, accounting education (Bretag and Carapiet, 2007, p.19). The objectives of the paper is to identify factors that influence the plagiaristic behaviors of students, to develop and empirically test a model of factors that influence students plagiaristic behaviors and to make recommendations for accounting educators prevent student plagiarism. The paper has empirically tested and developed a model of factors that influence student plagiarism within the context of accounting education. 2. Analysis The internet is no doubt the major cause of plagiarism amongst students as the paper suggests. There internet has a lot of information that students can access without having to read a lot of books from the library. The internet has been expanding rapidly with information from a number of sources and this has facilitated plagiarism. There has also been the development of a number of online software that is used to detect plagiarism ((Sierles, Hen drickx, and Circle, 1980, p.29). Some of these online software include Turnitin and grammarly.com that are used to detect work that has been plagiarized. Approximately sixty percent of UK institutions use Turnitin to detect work that has been plagiarized. When lectures discover that students have plagiarized their work, they often penalize students. These penalizations are what make students fear plagiarizing their work. Students who intend to gain academic qualifications are expected to reveal appropriate levels of attainment and ability through examinations and coursework. This requires students to produce submissions that meet a certain assignment specification that is marked by a tutor to confirm that the work reaches the required standard. In most institutions, students are required to confirm that the submission is the result of their own work. Plagiarism may also occur when students self-plagiarize their work. Self plagiarism is usually a delicate and complex issue. Some acad emics argue that self plagiarism may not occur because plagiarism is theft and one cannot steal from himself. The major types of self plagiarism include duplicate and redundant publications, partitioning a larger sturdy into smaller published studies. The paper mentions plagiarism but fails to mention self plagiarism, which is one of the major concerns in academics. Students often plagiarize their previous works because of their laziness or to complete their work faster. The paper reviews nine factors that concern student plagiarism and these factors include demographic variables, cultural influences, institutional support, and new technology, accounting educat

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Gun Control Essay Argumentative Essay against Gun Control Since 1980, forty-four states have passed laws allowing gun owners to carry concealed weapons outside their homes for personal protection. (Five additional states had these laws before 1980. Illinois is the sole holdout. ) A federal ban on the possession, tran Premium756 Words4 Pages Gun Control Essay Gun control is among the most hotly debated of topics today. With the federal government currently discussing whether to initiate stronger and more strict laws for owning guns, the number of gun control essays has risen, which makes perfect sense since the topic is fresh on people’s minds with rec Premium404 Words2 Pages Gun Control Dan Nenninger: Essay # 1 Gun Control According to the Coalition for Gun Control, last year a total of 291 people were killed by handguns in Australia, Sweden, Great Britain, Japan, and Switzerland. In the United States more than 24,000 people will be killed by the end of this year. So what is Premium795 Words4 Pages Gun Control Persuasive Essay on Gun Control What would be going through your mind if you were in a restaurant and a mad man came in and began slaughtering people right and left including you family (Swasey 174)? Would you be thinking if they would ban guns this would have never happened? Probably not! What you Premium354 Words2 Pages Gun Control and Gun Violence Among Children NAME: Clara Lawson COURSE:PHI 105 Critical Thinking Problem Solving DATE: January 12, 2012 INSTRUCTOR: DR. Scott Hovater GUN CONTROL GUN VIOLENCE in CHILDREN To start my essay off, I have an unusual story that is true. My mom knew a girl when she was lit Premium945 Words4 Pages Gun Control Working Outline for the Argumentative Paper Topic: Gun Control Topic Question: Does the U. S. need more gun control laws? Introductory Paragraph * What do I need to say to set up my thesis? (Do you need background information? Definitions? Explanations? ) * Thesis Statement: So many citi Premium483 Words2 Pages Gun Control Argumentative Essay (Against) Gun Control Argumentative Essay All guns have the potential to be dangerous and should be dealt with precaution. Guns have been a part of American history for as long as people can remember. For most individuals guns are supposed to be very dangerous and unsafe. Though, that is not true. Guns can b Premium284 Words2 Pages

differences and similarities between huckleberry finn and tom sawyer :: Free Essays

The similarities and differences between Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are two novels that focus on the lives of two different young men living in the same town. Both young men are the main characters of each novel. Tom’s character was based much on the life of the author Mark Twain. Both lost their mother at a young age and both were too smart for their own good. The novels are similar and different in many ways. One way that they are similar are the titles. Both titles give us an idea that the book is about two different boy’s adventure. Another way is their faith both boys reject religion. Huck reason is that when he prayed for what he wanted, he didn’t get anything so he thinks Christian faith and praying is pointless. Both boys personalities are very different practically opposites. Tom is a very unpredictable, uncooperative, and lazy ch ild with a carefree attitude who gets a thrill out of fighting and playing. He is very intelligent for his age even though he smoked. He’s a mischievous child who lives by the quote â€Å"Work consists of whatever a body is obliged to do, and that play consists of whatever a body is not obliged to do † if there’s something wrong to be done he’s going to be doing it. Deep down inside is a boy who has a very low self esteem and trys to hide it. Tom feels unloved even though he has a family and whenever he feels unloved he imagines his own funeral and questions his existence. Probably that’s the reason why he a troubled child he doesn’t feel that he’s living for any good reason, so he might as well be bad.

Sundays :: Personal Narrative Child Abuse Essays

Sundays My mother has always lived her life helping others. That is why it came as no surprise when she set out on a one woman quest to turn her children into avid-volunteers and general bidders of good will. Around the age of ten, she decided that it was time for me to step out and do my part to start saving the world. At the time, being an every day hero was the last thing on my mind, and in my eyes it was much more of a chore than an opportunity. As time went on however, it began to open my eyes to my own life and the lives of others. â€Å"It’s good for you; it will keep you out of trouble;† those were her famous words. So on life went, as I spent year after year testing the rough waters of one service project after another. I had no choice in the matter. It was her belief that I was to always be busy. A life spent wasting my time away having FUN was just not acceptable. She even went so far as to sign me up to serve my time in the local small-town library in Sandy Pond, New York, while we were there on vacation. I knew I was doomed. As I got bored with one project, I would move on to the next endeavor. In four years, I had become a registered volunteer in three libraries, a hospital, the Special Olympics, the New Times 10K, Grand Canyon State Games, a homeless shelter, and the Race for the Cure. In each new challenge, I was there more to please my mother than to please myself. Lost in the jumble of good deeds and service hours, I eventually stumbled upon a small organization called the Child Crisis Center. Just like all the others, it started off with the same famous phrase. â€Å"It’s good for you; it will keep you out of trouble.† I can still remember my first day. I passed through the endless security doors, and my nose scrunched in horror from a stench that was a mix between a hospital and a playpen.

German Buying Habits

German Costumer’s Buying Habits Online According to figures released by the German Association for Consumer Research (GfK), 34. 1 million German consumers buy merchandise or services on the Internet (2010). Among the most popular purchases are books, clothes, travel and concert tickets, and cars. Unlike in other European countries where there is a reluctance toward online shopping by seniors, almost half of Germans between the age of 50 and 69 buy merchandise on the Internet. Decision Making The Internet also plays a major role when it comes to decision-making among German consumers.Before buying merchandise or services,, they usually consult the web for information and to compare prices. The cheapest bidder is not always the winner; tidiness, easy-return options, sustainability and quality of the product are more important in the decision-making than the price. International Shopping German consumers do not necessarily choose German products. The most popular online vendors i n Germany are eBay and Amazon, with their international communities. Food and wine, consumer electronics, and even cars are among the most popular imported article. Corporate Social Responsibility 4% of consumers want to see more ethical behavior. And they hold both the government and brands accountable to deliver; up 34% compared to 2007 for government and up 23% compared to 2007 for corporations. Small correlates to responsible in our respondents minds. 68% said small businesses act more responsible. By stark comparison only 16% thought big business could be responsible, irrespective of sector or origin. National pride and ‘Made in Germany’ continue to gain relevance in the area of CSR. 52% of consumers believe national brands are more responsible, with the exception of the financial services.This is evident by their choice of the Top 5 most responsible brands (all German): Landliebe, DM, Bosch, Audi and Tchibo. By comparison, 37% believe European brands act responsib ly, 18% for UK brands, 11% for USA brands, and only 7% for brands from Asia. Companies and brands are an integral part of German society. And as such, society looks up to them to find the solutions. 47% of Germans see this as a critical factor for their brand choice (up from 43% in 2007) As we have stated before, strong brands that engage in CSR initiatives that dovetail with their offerings are better positioned to reap the rewards. And the research backs it up.

Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essays

Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essays Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essay Despite big-name billing, The Sixth Sense is a riveting thriller Essay The big name in The Sixth Sense is Bruce Willis, who gives a strong but subtle performance. But the real star is the films writer/director M. Night Shyamalan. Remember the name of this 29-year-old Philadelphia filmmaker because he is a major talent with a vision and voice as remarkable as a young Spielbergs. Also pay attention to 11-year-old Haley Joel Osment, Willis co-star. You probably dont remember him as Forrest Junior in Forrest Gump, but youll never forget him after The Sixth Sense. The movie deals with child psychologist Malcolm Crowe (Willis) who, after receiving a prestigious award for his work with children, is brutally accosted by one of his failures (Donnie Wahlberg). A year later, Malcolm tries to atone for his earlier mistake by taking the case of a young boy named Cole Sear (Osment), whose unvoiced fears have driven him away from everyone, including his mother (Toni Collette of Muriels Wedding). His commitment to the boy, however, further alienates Malcolm from his wife Anna (Olivia Williams) who feels that Malcolm has all but abandoned her. And the fact that she is wooed by one of her co-workers doesnt help the domestic situation. When Cole finally reveals his secret to Malcom, the psychologist is ready to concede that the boy is beyond his help, delusional and paranoid to the extreme. Cole thinks that he sees dead people all the time, everywhere. They are the ones, he claims, who are responsible for the cuts and bruises on his body, not his mother (as the emergency room physician suspects). At first skeptical, Malcolm soon has reason to believe the boy. When Cole begs him for help with the ghosts (Make them go away!), Malcolm responds quite sincerely, Im working on it. It would be absolutely criminal to reveal anything more about the plot, and you should avoid friends who have seen the movie and want to tell you about it. Suffice it to say that The Sixth Sense is genuinely creepy, heart-warming and utterly surprising the best American film of the summer. A major Internet source remarked how the film seemed to come out of nowhere, with little pre-release publicity despite the presence of Willis. Thats all for the good since too much hype, with which we have been inundated this season (The Phantom Menace, The Blair Witch Project), cant help but dull almost any films reception. Whoever was responsible for keeping The Sixth Sense under wraps probably guessed that a movie this good only needs word-of-mouth to get its audiences. Its unclear whether Bruce Willis got his $20 million standard fee, but hes worth it in The Sixth Sense for the marquee value of his name alone, which will draw people to the movie who might otherwise have passed it up. Even more to his credit, Willis gives a superb performance in a very different kind of role than action fans might expect. Everything the macho star does in The Sixth Sense is restrained and convincing. Willis has always been a good actor with considerable range, whatever his detractors might claim. This movie should effectively silence his naysayers. Everyone else is also quite good, especially young Osment, who conveys his characters tortured anxiety with aching conviction. Collette, nearly unrecognizable from her Muriel role, plays the boys mother like a real parent, not a movie mother. Her frustration, her fear and her love are all palpable. Ultimately, however, The Sixth Sense is a triumph for its writer/director, Indian-born M. Night Shyamalan. Last year in Wide Awake, the filmmaker explored another facet of childhood fears, as its diminutive hero sought to determine the existence of God after the death of his grandfather. Though his last film wore sentiment on its sleeve, Shyamalan nevertheless coaxed wonderful performances from his child performers as well as from Rosie ODonnell, who played a frisky but kind nun. The Sixth Sense is both darker and more mature, even though it incorporates elements of horror and the supernatural. A few scenes in this movie will scare the bejeezus out of you, others will touch your heart. Again, like early Spielberg, who was equally wonderful with children and other worlds, Shyamalan spins an engrossing tale of terror, love and redemption. Most directors would have given their eyeteeth for Shyamalans screenplay, but its doubtful any of them could have directed it so well.

Geronimo Held Captive at Fort Pickens

Geronimo Held Captive at Fort Pickens The Apache Indians have always been characterized as fierce warriors with an indomitable will. It is not surprising that the last armed resistance by Native Americans came from this proud tribe of American Indians. As the Civil War ended the U. S. Government brought its military to bear against the natives out west. They continued a policy of containment and restriction to reservations. In 1875, the restrictive reservation policy had limited the Apaches to 7200 square miles. By the 1880s the Apache had been limited to 2600 square miles. This policy of restriction angered many Native Americans and led to a confrontation between the military and bands of Apache. The famous Chiricahua Apache Geronimo led one such band. Born in 1829, Geronimo lived in western New Mexico when this region was still a part of Mexico. Geronimo was a Bedonkohe Apache that married into the Chiricahuas. The murder of his mother, wife, and children by soldiers from Mexico in 1858 forever changed his life and the settlers of the southwest. He vowed at this point to kill as many white men as possible and spent the next thirty years making good on that promise. The Capture of Geronimo Surprisingly, Geronimo was a medicine man and not a chief of the Apache. However, his visions made him indispensable to the Apache chiefs and gave him a position of prominence with the Apache. In the mid-1870s the government moved Native Americans onto reservations, and Geronimo took exception to this forced removal and fled with a band of followers. He spent the next 10 years on reservations and raiding with his band. They raided across New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. His exploits became highly chronicled by the press, and he became the most feared Apache. Geronimo and his band were eventually captured at Skeleton Canyon in 1886. The Chiricahua Apache were then shipped by rail to Florida. All of Geronimos band was to be sent to Fort Marion in St. Augustine. However, a few business leaders in Pensacola, Florida petitioned the government to have Geronimo himself sent to Fort Pickens, which is part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore. They claimed that Geronimo and his men would be better guarded at Fort Pickens than at the overcrowded Fort Marion. However, an editorial in a local newspaper congratulated a congressman for bringing such a great tourist attraction to the city. On October 25, 1886, 15Â  Apache warriors arrived at Fort Pickens. Geronimo and his warriors spent many days working hard labor at the fort in direct violation of the agreements made at Skeleton Canyon. Eventually, the families of Geronimos band were returned to them at Fort Pickens, and then they all moved on to other places of incarceration. The city of Pensacola was sad to see Geronimo the tourist attraction leave. In one day he had over 459 visitors with an average of 20 a day during the duration of his captivity at Fort Pickens. Captivity as a Sideshow Spectacle and Death Unfortunately, the proud Geronimo had been reduced to a sideshow spectacle. He lived the rest of his days as a prisoner. He visited the St. Louis Worlds Fair in 1904 and according to his own accounts made a great deal of money signing autographs and pictures. Geronimo also rode in the inaugural parade of President Theodore Roosevelt. He eventually died in 1909 at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The captivity of the Chiricahuas ended in 1913.

buy custom Walgreens Pharmacy Business essay

buy custom Walgreens Pharmacy Business essay Walgreens Pharmacy is one of the largest health services providers in the world with specialty in the distribution of pharmaceutical products throughout the United States of America. This research paper will look into a SWOT analysis of Walgreens Pharmacy, especially in decision-making procedures as well as identifying the key stakeholders who have invested in the firm. Consequently, the paper will outline the needs of each stakeholder and ways through which the firm ensures that these needs are met, hence, satisfying all stakeholders. In addition to the features above, this research paper will demonstrate ways, through which Walgreens Pharmacy could meet stakeholder needs, which have not been met up to now. Discussion About Walgreens Pharmacy Walgreens Pharmacy, as a drugstore, has more than 8000 stores in the United States alone, although plans are underway to incorporate the entire American countries in the distribution chain. With its headquarters in Illinois, Walgreens Pharmacy has grown over the years possibly due to increased consumer satisfaction as well as appropriate branding of business premises, which has seen loyalty among stakeholders being on the rise. The long term and short term pharmaceutical facilities have been paramount as they have enhanced expansion of the drugstore to attain its current status (Bacon, 2004). SWOT analysis at Walgreens Pharmacy Strengths One of the key strengths, demonstrated by Walgreens Pharmacy in its distribution channels, includes location of most of its stores, which are not only strategically located, but also sufficiently accessible. Walgreens Pharmacy stores are conveniently located where there are intersections of busy streets so as to enhance accessibility. The other advantage of locating Walgreens Pharmacy stores in busy corners is that potential customers can always identify with the store. Similarly, higher sales are achieved in addition to serving more clients as the busy streets portray increased human traffic in the area. An example of such a corner drugs store is the one, located at a Marriot street-level retail space, in Washington DC (Bacon, 2004). The other strength, possessed by Walgreens Pharmacy, includes commendable customer reputation, which has been significant in customer retention. Recently, Walgreens Pharmacy established a website blog, where customers can review drugs, purchased at any Walgreens Pharmacy store. The website a high following and majority of customers have praised the Walgreens Pharmacy services, hence, building the reputation of the company. Walgreens Pharmacy has maintained a clean environmental record which contributes to the already existing good reputation among customers. For instance, in all its stores, energy saving solar energy are used, thus, reducing any harm on customers, where they turn up to make purchases (Walgreens, 2011). Strength is seen in adequate access to natural resources, hence, cutting down on operation costs, so that money saved is channeled to other activities such as branding. Similarly, Walgreens Pharmacy has a strong brand name, which is easy to remember, therefore customers and other stakeholders do not have a problem, remembering the name of the drugstores. The other strength in Walgreens Pharmacy company is that the brand name and products have already been patented, therefore, no chances of loosing their originality to competitors (Allison and Kaye, 2005). Walgreens Pharmacy has had another competitive advantage in the form of possessing proprietary know-how, so that holders of key managerial positions are seasoned managers in addition to possessing sufficient knowledge of the pharmaceutical industry. Skills and knowledge in running a business enterprise make it possible to maintain a competitive edge, which rivals in the same industry lack, therefore, customer needs are met (Walgreens, 2011). Weakness However, Walgreens Pharmacy has one weakness as it has failed to establish elaborate distribution channels which would involve other firms no necessarily handling pharmaceutics. Such challenges were witnessed during the failed collaboration with one of the leading snacks stores in the country. Consequently, over the years Walgreens Pharmacy has relied on its stores only to distribute its products, hence, fewer chances of learning about rival weaknesses or strengths (Allison, 2005). Opportunities Walgreens Pharmacy saw an opportunity in the inability of drug manufacturers to provide complete medical packages to customers namely drugs, medical plans and wellness. Thes are critical areas in todays health issues, as clients will always seek to have all their health services being provided by a single firm. Developments in technology has made it possible for Walgreens Pharmacy to deliver a number of its services such as wellness via the internet, where exclusive chat rooms and lessons are offered for those, interested in healthy living (Bacon, 2004). Similarly, in recent years, more and more cases of lifestyle conditions are reported, especially from people, living in the United States. Walgreens Pharmacy seized this opportunity to boost its brand name, when it established the hip hop culture as a key driving point in marketing its products. The hip hop culture is characterized by increased dynamism as well as influence among peers who consider hip hop as a way of life (Walgreens, 2011). Threats A major threat that has had a toll on Walgreens Pharmacy products is related to high numbers of cheap generic medicines in the market. Similarly, the generic drugs are as efficient as the original ones, though generic drugs are sold at a cheaper price, hence, making them a first priority for the low class in the country (Allison, 2005). The other threat is based on current financial crisis which has resulted into massive retrenchment of loyal employees, who have witnessed Walgreens Pharmacy grow to the giant drugstore it is today. Retrenchment of long serving employees poses a huge setback to a company, in terms of lost resources, especially if the employee had undergone professional training at the firms expense. This results in overworking of employees left behind, in addition to added expenses, when the firm decides to hire more employees after overcoming such global financial difficulties (Bacon, 2004). Most relevant parts of SWOT during investment The strengths of Walgreens Pharmacy culminate the most relevant aspects of SWOT, when a potential investor is making plans of committing some of their savings into the firm. This is attributed to the fact that these strengths portray the firms position in the market as well as forecasting its future prospects. Therefore, a potential investor has to understand the future of the company, in which they are planning to invest, so as to understand risks or uncertainties involved (Allison, 2005). Threats also account for a very relevant part of the decision-making process, especially where a new investor is concerned. This is because internal as well as external threats possess significant prospects of the firms future and present performance. Threats such as new regulations, introduction of international trade barriers, in addition to emergence of substitute products as is seen in the Walgreens Pharmacy case, may subject investors to heavy losses as the future of the companys success could be compromised (Allison, 2005). On the other hand, opportunities present better prospects in terms of share value as well as market presence of a firm. The fact that Walgreens Pharmacy has identified and made good use of opportunities, so that it has remained relevant up to this date, shows that future investors should critically analyze the opportunities at the firms disposal as well as how the firm has utilized the opportunity. Opportunities also present a clear picture of a companys mission and vision as these are demonstrated by the ability to utilize available resources as a way of attaining the set objectives (Walgreens, 2011). Walgreens Pharmacy stakeholders and their needs Walgreens Pharmacy has a number of internal as well as external stakeholders who have been equivocal towards enabling the firm attain its short and long term goals. Among the internal stakeholders are employees who form a formidable component of the overall Walgreens Pharmacy enterprise. Employees play vital roles in the everyday activities of any business enterprise. For instance, production, distribution, marketing and customer relations are made possible through the efforts of employees. Similarly, employees are responsible for sustaining the commendable performance of a firm so that it may attract more external stakeholders (Post, 2002). Employees have several needs which they expect to be delivered by their employer in this case by Walgreens Pharmacy. One of the needs is job satisfaction which is relevant if employer wants high quality services. Similarly, motivation is important as it determines the approach used by employees, when conducting their everyday duties. This group of stakeholders also needs to satisfy the requirements of customers and their employer, therefore, they strive to work hard always as a way of meeting the expectations oof these two parties (Post, 2002). Walgreens Pharmacy has been able to meet some of the needs, presented by employees, for instance, motivation has been regarded highly by the Walgreens Pharmacy management. Forms of motivation exhibited include attractive remuneration, cognition, for example, deeds, in addition to benefits, such as free medical supply for all employees. However, job security is one area that has proved to be problematic as it is dependent on global conditions, hence, retrenchment is inevitable. Employees have also managed to satisfy client and managerial demands because Walgreens Pharmacy has good working environments with sufficient resources (Bacon, 2004). The other category of internal stakeholders is made up of shareholders and other individuals who have interest at Walgreens Pharmacy. Shareholders are, often, involved in decision making process as they own Walgreens Pharmacy in one way or another, dependent on the percentage of shares one has. Similarly, management at Walgreens Pharmacy is also part of the stakeholders as they could have been outsourced to carry out specific duties for Walgreens Pharmacy (Walgreens, 2011). Shareholders needs include availing information on events, progress as well as major decisions which may affect overall business activities. Financial reports should also be availed to shareholders so that they may decide on their next investment moves. Walgreens Pharmacy meets these needs by informing shareholders of any major change at Walgreens Pharmacy during annual general meetings. Similarly, shareholders are part of decision making procedures; hence, they are always knowledgeable of events at Walgreens Pharmacy (Post, 2002). External stakeholders of Walgreens Pharmacy include the customers who purchase and use products, made or distributed by Walgreens Pharmacy. Customers are important in any business enterprise as all activities, done by the firm, are aimed at ensuring that customers are not only satisfied but also retained. Customers needs involve delivery of high quality products in time, while the cost of the product should be reasonable (Walgreens, 2011). Walgreens Pharmacy has always ensured that all its products meet standards, set by various bodies, in addition to making sure that these products are present in all its drugstores. The prices of Walgreens Pharmacy products are relatively high, which has resulted into customers shying away from the stores as this need is yet to be addressed. However, this need can be met by Walgreens Pharmacy placing its prices at the same level as those of competitors. This way, customers will not shift to other brands as they will comfortably acquire products at fair prices that are the same for other companies (Post, 2002). The government and quality regulatory bodies such as the Food and Drug Authority make up a special category of external stakeholders. These two stakeholders are essential towards ensuring that consumer rights are not infringed. One of the governments needs is to make sure that Walgreens Pharmacy products are legal and beneficial to human life. Similarly, the governing bodies make sure that products produced meet standards that have been set to sustain human health. The United States government requires Walgreens Pharmacy to pay taxes as per the agreement, in addition to being in possession of a valid operating license which legalizes the enterprise (Bacon, 2004). Walgreens Pharmacy has managed to meet these governmental needs, in addition to those, required by regulatory bodies. These needs have been met in such a way that Walgreens Pharmacy has never faced any legal punishment or summon which is a proof that government and regulatory bodies needs have been adequately met. Suppliers are part of Walgreens Pharmacy external stakeholders as they are responsible for availing raw materials which are used by Walgreens Pharmacy to produce pharmaceutical products. Suppliers need to be informed in time, when to deliver the raw products, while payment for the same should be prompt. So far, Walgreens Pharmacy does not have any ugly incidences with any supplier, which is an indication of their needs being met by Walgreens Pharmacy (Post, 2002). In conclusion, Walgreens Pharmacy has utilized the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to sustain a competitive edge over its rivals. Consequently, the SWOT analysis of Walgreens Pharmacy has been vital in fulfilling the needs of its internal and external stakeholders who have recorded immense satisfaction by conducting business with Walgreens Pharmacy. Therefore, for each business enterprise to succeed, a SWOT analysis must be accurately conducted, while, at the same time, stakeholders must have their needs fulfilled. Buy custom Walgreens Pharmacy Business essay

Harley Davidson Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Harley Davidson Report - Essay Example The customers of Harley Davidson attend events like posse rider mainly because of the attachment they have with Harley Davidson. It is quite possible that if Harley Davidson name is not attached to these events the outcome of these events might very well be decreased. Moreover, these events provide Harley Davidson an opportunity to market their products in a much more convenient and economical manner. These events put Harley Davidson closer to its customers strengthening the bond they share. Strong customer relationships are maintained and this allows new customers to be targeted as well. When the customer of Harley Davidson even share their experience with others, the prospective customers may have a positive image of the brand and they may also value the relationship that the brand has with its customers via the arrangement of such an event. So, it is recommended that they should continue sponsoring Posse Rider event as it seems a profitable investment. Answer The Posse Ride has been profitable for Harley Davidson but the true potential of the event is still to be realized. To fulfill its true potential the strategic heads need to make few alterations to it so that it becomes unavoidable to organize. A well thought out structure of the event needs to be planned. The first step could be to go back to the basics and identify what mistakes had been made in the past. A proper research work will help in the right preparation for the event. Another step they can take is to offer new deals and packages in an effort to increase the worth of the event. A good route to the coast can be selected that will allow riders to enjoy the event and trust the brand's management towards event organizing. The event may add more segments to it which could attract more audience towards it. Lastly, the promotional strategy should be designed carefully.  Ã‚  

Finance 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance 4 - Essay Example For the size of the area and the number of consumers, Its more easier to establish a market at the least cost. Not just the consumers, In Japan the well equipped and advanced cheap labour force with valuable expertise helps in controlling the production costs hence by gaining more profits which is practically not possible in the United States of America where the labour cost in enormous. The high Japanese GDP shows the technological and economic standard of the country which surely can attract American industry to set up its business. As the facts can be considered, the Japanese market constitutes to 75% of the entire Asiatic market and thus controls the Asiatic market. The high rate of saving in Japan allows the people in Japan to purchase goods if he likes even at a higher price as he/she will have the financial assets. A well-organized infrastructure in the fields of commodity distribution and information and communication; and a good business environment with improved laws and sy stems is an added advantage for the American companies. The Communication advancements and the connectivity by all the 3 modes such as Air, water and land make Japan a favourite FDI place for Americans. The currency exchange rates tempt America the most for them to invest in Japan, The exchange rate being 108.180 Japanese Yen for one US Dollar according to www.xe.com. The inflation also accounts to -.06% so its more reasonable for the company to produce the products in an economical way. Other than that, the Japanese External Trade Organisation called JETRO assists Individual investor with the meetings, laws who is specialised in the international investments and taxations. JETRO also provides free use of private office for a period of maximum 2 months for private bodies and a maximum of 6 months for public bodies. Japan also provides 30% depreciation rate or a tax credit of 7% up to 20% of the corporate tax liability for the purchase of certain machinery and equipments.

Why does work matter for modern societies Essay

Why does work matter for modern societies - Essay Example The complexities of the modern world have also led to people changing their forms of production in order to fit into the world. Modernity has led to a change in labor division from the usual organizational division of labor to social divisions. Divisions of labor have changed and there is a clear varianceamid the pre modern societies and the modern societies. In the pre modern societies, labor was divided based on social units, similarity and familial basis while in the modern world it is divided based on market, state and the civil society. Work is important to the modern world since the modern world has brought about a lot of social differentiation and hence increasing structural complexity. Despite each individual participating in different careers, work holds the society together and wipes away their differences. The pre modern societies were faced with similar challenges, problems since they all belonged to similar locations, families, religion and their levels of education were equal a situation termed as mechanical solidarity. However, in the modern society, people are very different and they have to inter-depend on one another in order to survive. The modern population has different abilities and each human being can do something in a unique and better way than another. This characteristic of the modern society makes it important for every human being to work so that they may serve another human being in their area of specialty and at the same time, get services form other human beings in their different areas of specialty. The pre-modern societies were undifferentiated since they shared strong beliefs and sentiments and this characteristic is termed as collective conscience. The modern societies have a characteristic of being more differentiated due to them having less defined beliefs a nd sentiments but instead have norms and values. This characteristic of the modern society being different and in some way

SWOT Anaylsis on France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SWOT Anaylsis on France - Essay Example The government interferes in all business affairs, discouraging the businesses to take up further projects or innovate at their own will. The government provides protection to all the employees hence suppressing the competitive spirit required for growth. Furthermore, the system makes it highly difficult for a young talented worker to climb the corporate ladder unless he has the required experience and is part of the hierarchy. The political framework is semi-presidential i.e. both the prime minister and president show involvement in the workings of the system. The reason why this democracy stands out is its origination as a social democracy. The people are allowed to vote for their representatives while also being able to enjoy economic equality. Moreover, the French political system is associated with a noticeable economic advantage. Since the government controls all the businesses, i.e. all businesses have been nationalized, the working class gains in the form of cheaper healthcare and other benefits. To a certain extent, this form of governance also allows the business to consider the overall progress of the society thereby encouraging them to incorporate the best business practices that is going to benefit the larger population.

International economical and political environment (digital living Essay

International economical and political environment (digital living room) - Essay Example Similarly, the companies like Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo are competing to occupy space in the digital gaming market. (Suster; Saxtoft; Sandoval). The growing competition in the Digital Living Room market is posing a serious threat to the different service providers regarding their ability to sustain. Thus, the directors need to devise strategies to operate jointly in the digital market to not only satisfy the increasing needs of the consumers but also in helping themselves to sustain. Moreover, the directors need to focus more on innovation and cost effectiveness to render more sophistication in the services provided. This would help in generating customer loyalty. The Digital Living Room market companies can also enhance the sphere of the User Interface applications through the development of the interactive sphere by conducting live chatting session with their friends through the television while viewing a certain program. Even the Digital Living Room market companies can coordin ate with other service networks like Skype to promote on-line calling experience through the television sets. ... Further service and customer touch points must be created in regional points to help understand customer feedback on the service offered. This would help the companies to customize their products and services, which would generate better sales and revenue for the firm. Effect of Economic Activity on the Digital Living Room Market The economic development of the various regions in the developed and developing world has created huge demand for changes in the digital living room market. The Digital Living Room Market is getting filled up with competitors like Apple, Google and Netflix to a name a few in the field of media content generation. Moreover, different players like Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony who are spontaneously innovating newer products to fill up the market are increasingly filling up the video gaming industry. It is expected that the competition between the digital players would reach new heights in a matter of a decade. The deal made between Apple and Faustian AT&T helpe d in the creation of gadget like iPhone, which revolutionized the cellular market. It rather broke the powerful influence of the mobile manufacturers in not letting other software providers to penetrate the cellular market. Again the development of Internet supported television sets are helping to create ample opportunities for the growth of Consumer Electronics industry (Suster; How IP Services Will Drive CE Evolution). The region of North America which was previously quite hostile to the digital development is gradually changing its face. Due to ongoing hostility the stock quotes of the different digital companies showed a declining trend from the period of 2004 to around 2008. The growing awareness of the North American about the digital environment created a demand

SWOT Anaylsis on France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SWOT Anaylsis on France - Essay Example The government interferes in all business affairs, discouraging the businesses to take up further projects or innovate at their own will. The government provides protection to all the employees hence suppressing the competitive spirit required for growth. Furthermore, the system makes it highly difficult for a young talented worker to climb the corporate ladder unless he has the required experience and is part of the hierarchy. The political framework is semi-presidential i.e. both the prime minister and president show involvement in the workings of the system. The reason why this democracy stands out is its origination as a social democracy. The people are allowed to vote for their representatives while also being able to enjoy economic equality. Moreover, the French political system is associated with a noticeable economic advantage. Since the government controls all the businesses, i.e. all businesses have been nationalized, the working class gains in the form of cheaper healthcare and other benefits. To a certain extent, this form of governance also allows the business to consider the overall progress of the society thereby encouraging them to incorporate the best business practices that is going to benefit the larger population.

The Biology and Ecology of White Sharks Research Paper

The Biology and Ecology of White Sharks - Research Paper Example The research, therefore, includes information on the ecology and biology of the white shark, the species’ recent conservation status, a clear description of the major threats endangering the species’ survival in the Australian water bodies and appropriate recommendations for future research. Â   Other names for the white shark include the white pointer or great white shark. It is a close relative of the porbeagle shark and mako shark popular in the mackerel crook family Lamnidae. The white shark has an average stout and torpedo-shaped body, its color is blue-grey to grey-brown on the upper region and white beneath, has very big serrated teeth, and unique horizontal tip lengthways the physique middle line just near the semicircular designed tail. Another physical fact about the white shark is; large apex predator that grows to at least six meters in length. Some reports that are not yet proved to indicate that the white shark grows up to seven meters in length and can weigh up to a mass of three thousand kilos (Bright, 33). A unique heat-exchanging circulatory system allows the white shark to maintain a favorable body temperature of up to fourteen degree Celsius above that of the surrounding water masses of the sea. This enables the individuals to tolerate a wide range of temperatures. The white shark is a species that lives for a very long period of time that is approximately sixty years but this is not certain information. Averagely the reasonable period is in between forty to fifty years according to scientists and researchers. The species has a relatively slow development and low reproductive rate with a long pregnancy period that is close to eighteen months. These features indicate a low reproduction capability that has difficulties for the vulnerability of the white shark to non-natural mortality and the rate at which populations deplete and recover. These factors have substantial defects for the conservation of the white shark species.

Person-Centred Therapy Essay Example for Free

Person-Centred Therapy Essay The Person Centred approach is based upon the theory and philosophy of Carl Rogers. This approach in its set-up is familiar to the general public as it is depicted in the media and is often expected therefore that a counselling session would take place in this format. At first glance the counselling process which has derived from the theory of Rogers, in a real therapy situation appears simplistic. To fully answer the question whether this blueprint offers a therapist all they need to treat their clients it is important to have a sound knowledge of the theory, and identify the successes and drawbacks connected with this. In the 1950s Carl Rogers gained praise for publishing ‘Client Centred Therapy’ and for his work on the Person Centred approach. Roger’s work is still praised and forms the basis for many theoretical and practical approaches to counselling. Rogers work was classified as a Humanistic Therapy and fits within the three main forms of psychological therapies today, which are listed below; * Behavioural Therapies * Psychoanalytical and Psychodynamic Therapies * Humanistic Therapies Person Centred counselling was based around three core conditions, devised by Rogers; 1. Unconditional Positive Regard 2. Genuineness/Congruence 3. Empathy It is considered essential for all counsellors to display these attributes and to consistently provide these to each client irrespective of circumstance. The Person Centred approach views the client as their own best authority on their own experience, and it views the client as being fully capable of fulfilling their own potential for growth. It recognizes, however, that achieving potential requires favourable conditions and that under adverse conditions, individuals may well not grow and develop in the ways that they otherwise could. In particular, when individuals are denied acceptance and positive regard from others, or when that positive regard is made conditional upon the individual behaving in particular ways they may begin to lose touch with what their own experience means for them, and their innate tendency to grow in a direction consistent with that meaning may be stifled. This does offer a unique perspective for both client and therapist to allow an unlocking of the clientà ¢â‚¬â„¢s genuine self. The premise of this theory is that human beings are innately good and given free opportunity they will strive for goodness, further reaffirming the core conditions. If we believe that humans are good, we should always be able to supply unconditional positive regard, congruence and empathy. The role that theory plays in the process and outcome of counselling has been a subject of discussion, for almost as long as counselling has been a profession. While schools of therapy have argued that different theories produce differing and nonequivalent outcomes, this position has been challenged on numerous occasions. Fiedler (1951) first observed that therapists of differing orientations were very similar in their views of the ideal therapy. Then Sundland and Barker (1962) reported that more experienced therapists tended to be more similar, regardless of their theoretical orientation. In their extensive review of the subject, Gelso and Carter (1985) stated that most clients will profit about e qually (but in different ways) from the different therapies. They go on to suggest that the effect of process and relationship do differ among therapies and that some clients may do better with one approach than with another, based upon these two factors. Finally, Stiles, Shapiro and Elliott (1986) concluded that (a) common features shared by all psychotherapies underlie or override differences in therapists verbal techniques and (b) these common features are responsible for the general equivalence in effectiveness (of therapies)†. Process and relationship maybe considered as relevant as theoretical conceptualisation of a given problem. One can assume that a counselling process must be structured for each client irrespective of what theory you adhere to. The work of Rogers does do this by using the core conditions, however; arguably less so than other theories due to a lack of distinct ‘techniques’. Hough et al contribute the following for a successful counselling relationship to occur; 1.Establish a safe, trusting environme nt – as outlined by Carl Rogers creating a relationship with the client which is in line with the core conditions. 2. Clarify: Help the person put their concern into words. As the person centred approach maintains this is how a client would be assisted by being predominantly talking and the counsellor mostly listening. 3. Use Active listening: find out the clients agenda, what do they hope to achieve by coming for counselling. a) Paraphrase, summarise, reflect and interpret – To ensure that there is a greater understanding of what the client is trying to say. b) Focus on feelings, not events – counselling is dealing with emotional and mental health, so it is important to unpick the feelings rather than to skim over them, like a layperson would do. 4. Transform problem statements into goal statements – allow the client to depict a plan towards attaining their goal. 5. Explore possible approaches to goal, to narrow and deliberate their choices. 6. Help person choose one way towards their goal which is feasible. 7. Make a contract to fulfil the plan (or to take the next step). 8. Summarise what has occurred, clarify, and get verification from the client that this is still their goal. 9. Get feedback and confirmation that the goal remains as before. Ultimately as with all the Couns elling paradigms it is key to enable the client to gain control of their own life and reach their own conclusions. The main paradigms underpin the processes of counselling usually, however; the lesser known models are also used. If this can be agreed upon, this might suggest that the Person centred approach does fulfil the needs of a therapist when diagnosing a problem and creating a plan where they are guided but the content is filled by the client. The Person Centred approach also gave rise to the concept of ‘The Organismic Self’; a state which is considered to truly be intact for a short space of time, in basic terms this is a descriptor of our pure selves, being exactly as we are without external influence. This theory tracks our human experience and maintains that this soon becomes corrupted by what is called the ‘Self Concept’. Self Concept is the term given to explain outside influences on the Organismic Self. It could be said that the battle between who we authentically are as people and what the world and significant people around us feel we should be is what causes us to feel lost. If we think of the Organismic Self as being at one with ourselves and feeling that who we ar e, what we do and our general feeling of inner harmony as being comfortable, the opposite is true of the Self Concept, this is generally a feeling of awkwardness, feeling lost, unreal and can result in later life as a crisis. Humanistic approaches in general are concerned with topics which are meaningful to human beings which makes it especially good as a theory for counselling. Humanistic approaches are also considerate of subjective experience and unpredictable events which occur in human lives. Does this then suggest that the Person centred approach is flexible and allows the therapist to address all matters which may arise rather than, comparatively using a CBT(Cognitive Behavioural Therapy) approach which focusses solely on the present. As a composite of the Person centred approach and general Humanistic theories, it is important to acknowledge the concept of ‘Self Actualisation’. The phrase was first coined by Kurt Goldstein, but is perhaps better known as associated with Abraham Maslow and his Hierarchy Of Needs and is defined as below; â€Å"†¦.the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualised in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. In reference to his Hierarchy of Needs theory, Maslow advised that only 1% of all people are self-actualised which would infer the need for counselling assistance to be great. As mentioned above the flexibility of this approach may be deemed to allow therapists to treat a vast number of clients, as the growing need for counselling emerges. The non-intrusive nature of the therapy a the relatively comfortable set-up of the counselling sessions within the Person Centred approach highlights how easy it is to apply this approach practically. We certainly know of the efficacy of the Person Centred approach, in its comtinued use in modern day therapy, however; we must consider the strengths of other currently used approaches to illustrate where the Person Centred approach could improve. I have chosen to use the Psychodynamic approach to explore this. One of the strengths of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it provided a valuable insight into how early experiences or relationships can affect our adult personality. One of the examples of this is that fixations can be caused at the Oral Stage of psychosexual development such as being separated from the primary caregiver too early. These fixations can then lead to psychological problems. Supporting evidence for this strength was carried out by Jacobs at al (1966) using Rorschach inkblots to compare the orality of smokers and non-smokers. It was found that smokers emerged as being significantly more oral. Another strength of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it is the first approach to try and attempt to explain mental illness in psychological terms and has had an enormous influence on the understanding and treatment of mental disorders. An example of this is Psychoanalysis and Dream Therapy which aims to make the unconscious material conscious so it is easier to deal with as Freud believed that dreams showed our hidden desires. Evidence to support this was carried out by Sandell (1999) who studied the symptoms of more than 700 patients before and after three years of psychoanalysis and found that patients had significantly fewer symptoms after the therapy. The Psychodynamic Approach also displays weaknesses, in that most of Freud’s is based on findings of case studies, and anecdotal references where cases are often unique and there are problems with generalisation. Like the Psychodynamic Approach, the Person Centred approach does not dismiss the importance of historical and childhood events. This is highlignhted in their subtheory ‘Conditions of worth’ which are defined as ‘restrictions imposed on self-expression in order to earn positive regard’, which are not in and of themselves a bad thing, however; it is possible for these conditions to be overused that they can begin to be a problem. For example a child will seek to satisfy the condition of worth imposed by their parents; without realising, parents may create more complex conditions for gaining their attention. As children grow they learn a new set of rules for gaining attention, the best predictor of consequence for behavior is past experience. As such a child may learn that to receive praise from their Father is to get good results at school or join the football team. From another perspective, a child may learn that they get more attention when they fail at som ething or are feeling sad, as opposed to when they are successful and happy. They may also find that they are surrounded by more friends, more often when they behave in a particular way or indulge in particular activities that are ‘acceptable’. By the time an individual reaches their teenage years, most people have a complex system of rules to abide by if we want to receive love, praise and positive regard from others. Slowly this system of conditions of worth works its way into a person’s overall way of viewing the world they live in. They adopt these conditions as their own values, blocking out the true organismic values that comprise who they really are. As their real self is blocked out by this adopted system of values, incongruence results. The rules for love and positive regard lead them to live a different life, a life incongruent with who they really are, a life that does not satisfy all their other needs and tragically, often doesn’t even truly satisfy their need for positive regard. Due to this, people can become unhappy, anxious and depressed, but often they only try to revise and change the conditions they are using for positive regard. They may change their veneer, but not the root of the problem. They only shift the contents of their complex system of worth rather than trimming it back and exposing their real, true values. It’s this latter state that Person Centred therapy seeks to create, allowing the counsellor to simply try to remove any conditions of worth from their relationship with the client. They offer only unconditional positive regard. This creates an environment in which a small crack is placed in the person’s overarching system of conditional worth. In such an environment the person can begin to acknowledge and understand what it is they truly want and need. These values are always trying to be heard, but are blocked out by our complex set of constructs we use to try to gain conditional positive regard. Person centred therapy simply creates a place where this system is pushed back, and one’s true values can emerge. A person is then free to consider who he is and what he wants, without the threat of a loss of positive regard. No matter what is said, he can expect unconditional regard. Overall this subtheory shows a consistency throughout the Person Centred approach, tying the main premise of the core conditions to the way in which each client is treated. To conclude my assessment of the usefulness and effectiveness of the Person Centred Therapy, I hope to have demonstrated my current level of understanding regarding this subject and illustrated how it can be used practically. It is clear that the current and continuous widespread use of the Person-Centred approach attests for its effectiveness in practice. It is good and justified to always focus on the client and their journey through whatever problems they are facing and this particular approach maintains the therapist in doing so. I believe that the most effective method of treating patients is that adopted by Chrysalis, a multidiscipline approach, whereby one can amend the tool used based upon the presented problem. References Websites; http://www.bapca.org.uk/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person-centered_therapy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualization http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_organismic_self http://www.person-centered-therapy.com/conditions-of-worth/ Texts; Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan (1985) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour; Springer Publishing.

Parent Acceptance of Child With Disability

Parent Acceptance of Child With Disability PARENTALE VIEW OF ACCEPTANCE ON CHILDREN WITH AUTISM OR STUDY ABOUT CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS PARENTALE VIEW (NAVI MUMBAI AREA) Introduction Disability The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) expresses that, disability results from the communication between persons with difficulties and attitudinal and natural obstructions that upset their full and compelling investment in the public arena on an equivalent premise with others. Again it stresses that person with disabled, incorporate the individuals who have long haul physical, mental, knowledgeable or physical disabled, which in cooperate with different boundaries may obstruct their full and powerful interest in the public eye on an equivalent premise with others. Prevalence of Disability A worldwide figure of 335 million parent’s with moderate and extreme disabilities, of whom 70% are existing in the creating scene, has been assessed focused around the UN populace insights for 2000 (Helander, 1998). The Census of 2001 has uncovered that in excess of 21 million individuals in India or 2.1% of the aggregate populace have one or the other sort of Disability of which 12.6 million are guys and 9.3 million are females. However the number of Disable is more in rural and urban territories. Such extent of the debilitated by sex in provincial and urban territories has been accounted for between 57-58 percent for guys and 42-43 percent females. Among the five sort of Disability on which information has been gathered, Visual impairment at 48.5% rises as the top classification. Others in arrangement are: locomotor impairment (27.9%), Mental (10.3%), speech impairment (7.5%), and hearing impairment (5.8%). The impaired by sex take after a comparable example with the exception of that the extent of Disabled females is higher if there should be an occurrence of visual and hearing impairment (Census,2001) Visual Impairment As per the PWD Act, 1995, visual impairment (low vision) indicates to a condition where a person has any of the associated conditions including total lack of sight, visual activity not greater 6/60 or 20/200 (Snellen) in the better eye with redressing lenses; or confinement of the field of vision subtending an edge of 20 degree or more regrettable. Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment as considered by the PWD Act 1995 suggests the loss of sixty decibels or all the more in the better ear in the routine scope of regularities. Persons with gentle or moderate listening to misfortune have not been incorporated in the classification of persons with hearing impairment. Just persons with serious, significant and collective listening to hindrance have been incorporated in this class. Parental reaction and stereotypes to Visual Impairment and Hearing Impairment Because of the powerlessness of most parents to comprehend the ramifications of visual weakness, it is seen as impairment. One compelling, reaction is indifference, the other great is the condition of over-assurance, in light of the fact that parent’s feel that their child with visual impairment is without all human capacities of being a dynamic part of the general public. Parents feel the beginning of a child with visual impairment to be importance of some misbehavior. Subsequently in their own dissatisfaction the child is ignored. Commonly, the expectancy forecast comes to be genuine; the child creates into an individual who cant help socially or monetarily to the family and society. Disregard causes certain identity issues. The child needs to take in certain fundamental living aptitudes however overprotection denies the child all the common desires of society. Between the two finishes of the range containing neglect and overprotection, the discrepant conduct of parentâ€⠄¢s, adds to the issues of the child with visual hearing impairment. Discrepant conduct indicates to the gap between what an individual says and what an individual feels and does. Genuine sentiments are once in a while communicated as they may be socially unsuitable. Obviously there is full acknowledgement of child with visual hearing impairment yet privately, it might be hard to acknowledge a child who is viewed as responsibility, a purpose behind social remark and feedback. Unmistakable dismissal is sensible yet secretly dismissal in some cases stays undetected, which harms the child mentally. It not just effects his/her development and social connections additionally his/her own self idea, the very basic of a person’s improvement. Families who view visual impairment as a discipline for a wrongdoing, for instance, feel sorry and cover this confirmation of sin from parent’s in general, bringing about disregard of the child with visual impairment. Few parent’s feel that the family relations, for example, the marriage for different parts of the family, or even the reputation of the family itself, would be unfair, if the visual impairment child is presented to general society, again bringing about confinement of the child from formative encounters (Kundu2000). The early years of child with basic hearing impairment regularly comprise of encounters that abandon them confused and irritate. Distressed parents hesitate between foreswearing, outrage, blame and despondency from one viewpoint and an overprotective love on alternate as they search for enchanted cures. Parental responses to the determination of the impairment parallel the pain reaction that has been depicted by Kubler Ross (1969). The vacuum hard of hearing babiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ experience is best represented by Brazeltons (1974) finding that the mothers voice is additionally calming that her visual presence for babies. Consideration looking for and fits are showed by the children as they were not able to make themselves or their needs caught on. Glades (1980) in a broad survey of writing discovered frequencies of enthusiastic and behavioral issues going from 8% to 30% are extensively higher in child with hearing impairment than those experienced in the all-inclusive community of sc hool-age child’s. Families and their children with disability A family having a child with disability first tries to wind up mindful of the issues their child with incapacity is challenging and searches out the reason for the issues and consequently searches for arrangements. In spite of the fact that the vicinity of a child with a physical disability require not make a family emergency, the shame of incapacity forced by society can be aggressive to the parent’s and the crew. Former examination shows that parental responses to having a child with disabled, range from disavowal, projection of accuse, blame, misery, withdrawal, dismissal and acknowledgement of their child. The folks religion may be straightforwardly identified with the level of acknowledgement of the child with disability. Moelsae and Moelsae (1985) contemplated the resistances of relatives to watch the responses of the family when confronted with brokenness in one of its parts and found that the birth of a disabled child interrupted on the ordinary life cycle of the famil y, prompting an emergency. The main response in the parent’s was frequently opposition, yet in any case acknowledgement was arrived. Examination demonstrates that a wide mixture of components may help both the acknowledgement and the concern experienced by groups of child with disability (Singer Irvin, 1989). These variables incorporate child qualities, for example, age, indicative class, consideration giving requests and behavioral attributes (Beckman, 1983). The capacity of the parents to cope with stressors in general (Rabkin Steunings, 1976) and parental convictions about the reason for disability (Lavelle and Keogh, 1980) are qualities that may influence acknowledgement. The sorts and accessibility of both formal and casual frameworks and systems of help, for example, family, companions and experts are additionally thought to help family acknowledgement (Dunst, 1983). A solid relationship between social backing and family adjustment to stretch coming about because of managing life moves and discriminating occasions has been reported (Unger Powell, 1980). Crisis and Acceptance The possible responses of parents of children with disability may incorporate resentment, Humiliation, concern, tension, dissent, perplexity, dismissal, vacillation, severity, over-insurance, disgrace, self-centeredness, stun, profound torment, distress, melancholy, threatening vibe, grieving, wish to murder or suicide endeavors. Parental responses can likewise be separated three sorts of emergency. The principal sort is called the emergency of progress and it originates from the event of a startling change in the individual life and acumen toward oneself. This is not a response to the disability essentially, rather to the sudden change in life circumstances. The second kind of emergency is joined with the change of individual values as an aftereffect of the particular emergency. Most parents have been taught as indicated by a moral framework that worries singular individual capacities and accomplishments. The birth of a disabled child requires parents to love a significant figure – their child, who is denied of the capacity to give a feeling of accomplishment. The result is bivalent emotions around the child. A third kind of emergency is called the emergency of reality and it comes from the unforgiving target conditions framed by the need to raise a child with Disability: monetary challenges, limitati on of the parents free time, and the extraordinary arrangement of time that parent’s are obliged to give their child (Dunst Trivette, 1986). Groups of child’s with Disability ordinarily encounter every one of the three emergencies; however these are not so much equivalent. A few emergencies will last more than others. On the off chance that the family succeeds in meeting parent’s high expectations and persisting through these emergencies it achieves the phase of acknowledgement, i.e. – acknowledgement of the child. At present acknowledgement the family is fit for starting to support itself and for the child with disability as per an expert arrangement, to tackle the clash, and to acknowledge the child regardless of the limits. The writing does not push positive conduct of adapting, as it has a tendency to portray negative parts of the adapting methodology. There are parent’s who respond suitably to a circumstance in which they must live with a child with disability. These are parent’s who deliberately adjust to their child. So as to achieve the phase of acknowledgement and to encourage t he child’s headway and recovery, the child’s genuine circumstance must be acknowledged and the issue must be recognized. To achieve a harmony between inordinate desires, which end in dissatisfaction, and surrendering, it is important to make a central change in methodology. For this reason it is paramount to have essential confidence in the child’s potential, whatever the Disability. At this stage the parent’s search down answers for their issue and approaches to help their child’s progress. They figure out how to admire their internal quality to manage the burden and consider elective arrangements. They figure out how to comprehend the pith of the pain and the breaking points inside which the child may create towards freedom. They figure out how to utilize existing group administrations and profit from them. Families that acknowledge their child with Disability are characterized as being in a condition of harmony between recognition of the childs limitations and looking to make up for these limits, while likewise abstaining from loading of intra-family correspondence forms. Four attributes of the methodology of acknowledgement have been recognized. LITERATURE REVIEW As per Indian registration 2011 just expand 2.21% incapacity contrast with evaluation 2001 2.13%. Instruction framework absence of mindfulness data on child with disabled. As per family structure relying upon class, cast, and customary social on otherworldly accept, philanthropy approach, and so on. Efficient class bunch, social disgrace, rely on upon experience adapting instrument, MSJE Govt. of India According to National Trust Act 1999 for the welfare of Person with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation Multiple Disability Act. (Act 44 of 1999). Commonness appraisals demonstrate that there may be upwards of two million individuals in India with a mental imbalance. Universal Classification of Disease (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) these analytic develops have since gone around the globe as confirm by the presence of national associations for extreme in excess of 80 nations (Daley 2002, p. 532) regarding India specifically, information of western psychiatry and brain science first touch base with British expansionism (Daley, 2004).a Child demonstrating schizophrenic conduct was initially said in 1959 (Batliwalla, 1959, p.351) and child with special needs research particularly exploration has generously expanded since then (Daley,2004 ). Sustained proficient concentrate in a mental imbalance being in the late 1980s and 1990s (Krishnamurthy, 2008) and autism is presently broadly perceived in medicinal political, and legitimate loops in India. METHODOLOGY The center of this study is to investigate parental acknowledgement and adapting for parents of children with disability. This is a subjective study, families are dynamic working units over and over impelled from circumstances of dependability and parity to those of advancement and change. Parent’s and their families advance inside a solitary framework, always striving for parity. The conception of a child with disability makes a serious rupture of this parity and the family experiences a troublesome experience (Kandel Merrick, 2003). Parent’s are the principal and most imperative connection in the consideration, instruction, and supervision of their child with disability. Capable writing managing parent’s’s examples of adapting to rising a child with disability depicts a wide range of examples, going from responses of grieving and emergency to those of acknowledgement (Kandel, Morad, Vardi Merrick, 2005). Objectives: To increase knowledge into the way parent’s understand the significance of acknowledgement of their child with special needs and the different appearances of their acknowledgement while associating with and raising their child with disability. To investigate shifted variables that impact parental acknowledgement of child with disability. To comprehend diverse adapting components utilized by folks to adapt to their child with disability encouraging acknowledgement. Interview Guide 1. Demographic Information: a. Name: b. Age: c. Address: d. Sex: e. Family Profile: f. Type of Disability: g. Nature of Disability: h. Description of The House: i. Religion: j. Caste: k. Do you have Disability Certificate? If no Why? 2. Reaction when they first came to know about the pregnancy 3. Questions about marriage: Consanguine, Single Parents Single Parents 4. Health of the mother during pregnancy 5. Expectations of parents for the child: Future, Gender, Physical Qualities 6. Anticipation of Disability 7. Reaction when the child was born 8. Treatment Done 9. IfAcquired, what were the causes 10. Do you consider your child as having disability? 11. Do other parent’s think your child has a disability? 12. Spiritual Beliefs 13. Perceived identity of the child a. What comes to your mind when you see your child? b. What all do you like about your child? c. What are the difficulties you face with the child? 14. Perceived Capabilities of the child a. self care b. mobility c. communication d. interpersonal relations e. social relations f. other talents 15. Awareness about the disability a. What do you know about the disability? b. From where did you get the information? 16. Behavioral practices 17. Child rearing practices 18. Questions on coping a. primary appraisal: identification of the stressor b. secondary appraisal: identify the resources c. coping efforts

Women in Voltaire’s Candide Essay -- Exploitation of women in Candide

In Candide Voltaire discusses the exploitation of the female race in the eighteenth century through the women in the novel. Cunegonde, Paquette, and the Old Woman suffer through rape and sexual exploitation regardless of wealth or political connections. These characters possess very little complexity or importance in Candide. With his characterization of Cunegonde, Paquette, and the Old Woman Voltaire satirizes gender roles and highlights the impotence of women in the 1800s. Cunegonde is the daughter of a wealthy German lord. She is described as â€Å"extremely beautiful† (Voltaire. 5) and is repeatedly referred to as â€Å"the fair Cunegonde.† (39). She is the typical damsel-in-distress: a woman who is completely reliant on male protection and often fainting at the sight of anything the least bit distressing. She is a vapid beauty and completely obsequious to whomever she happens to belong to at the time. However, Voltaire does not blame her foolish naivetà © on her femininity. Candide himself is terribly innocent and is unable to make decisions without the advice of a third party. In a way, Cunegonde accepts her situation in life better than Candide does. She knows that as a woman in the eighteenth century she has few options if she wishes to survive and she is not above using her beauty to her advantage. She never questions or philosophizes like many of the male characters. Her acceptance of the sexual slavery she finds herself in beli es an understanding of the limited options women had at the time. Women in the 1800s had very few choices for advancement in life. They could either marry well or they could become the mistress of a powerful man or both. Cunegonde becomes the mistress of the Grand Inquisitor, a Bulgar captain, and the... ...ir first encounter and believes that she had no choice but to accept the governor’s offer. She states, â€Å"An honorable woman may be raped once, but it only makes her virtue stronger.† (24) For her part she does love Candide but it is a shallow love, more akin to lust. She wants to be faithful to Candide, but only if it will support the lifestyle that she is accustomed to. The women of Voltaire’s Candide emphasize the exploitation of females in the 1800s. Cunegonde, Paquette, and the Old Woman are raped, forced into prostitution, and sexually exploited. Women are valued for their beauty and can only succeed if they have pretty face to recommend them. Women in the nineteenth century exist for the pleasure of men and are subjugated to these men. Works Cited Voltaire. Candide Or, Optimism. Trans. Peter Constantine. Modern Library ed. New York: Random House, 2005

Physician-assisted Suicide is Murder Essay -- Euthanasia Essay

Jeanette Hall once had the desire to die; a desire so strong, she even asked her doctor for help. Jeanette lives in Oregon, where assisted suicide is legal. On July 17, 2000, Jeanette was rushed to the Portland hospital only to be given a maximum time of survival: six months. She had been diagnosed with an inoperable form of colon cancer. Jeanette had a fear of losing her job, not being able to care for her loved ones, paying hospital bills, and suffering. It was her choice to die and was prepared to reject chemotherapy and radiation, but thankfully, Jeanette’s doctor, Dr. Kenneth Stevens, encouraged her to fight. Jeanette claims, â€Å"If he [Dr. Stevens] believed in physician-assisted suicide, I would not be here 13 years later to thank him, I would be dead† (Hall 1). Today, Jeanette is alive, happy, and healthy and speaks out against legalization, but because of the current legalization of physician-assisted suicide, she barely survived. Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia are similar in the fact that they end lives of terminally ill patients, but they vary on where they are legalized. In 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that there is no constitutionally protected right to physician-assisted suicide but left it to the individual states to regulate physician-assisted death (Ardelt 1). Although states still have the option to legalize assisted suicide, the federal government has made euthanasia illegal in every state. Euthanasia is only legal in Belgium and the Netherlands (Somerville 1). Euthanasia refers to the practice of ending the life of another person to relieve pain and suffering and is usually performed by a doctor. Legal in Montana, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington to terminal adults, physician-assisted su... ...s, 21 Jan. 2011. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. Rockett, Barbara. "Physician-assisted Suicide "in Direct Conflict" with Doctor's Role. "National Rights To Life News. National Rights to Life News, 1 Aug. 2012. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Saad, Lydia. "U.S. Support for Euthanasia Hinges on How It's Described." U.S. Support for Euthanasia Hinges on How It's Described. Gallup, 29 May 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Somerville, Margaret. "What Would We Lose by Legalising Euthanasia?" ABC.net. American Proadcasting Corporation, 24 May 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. "Sunday Dialogue: Choosing How We Die." The New York Times. The New York Times, 30 Mar. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Swarte, Nikki B. "Effects of Euthanasia on the Bereaved Family and Friends: A Cross Sectional Study." Home. BMJ, 17 June 2003. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. "The Impact of Euthanasia on Society." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.

Guava Leaves Extract for Skin Infections

Guava Leaves Extract (Component in making soap) treatment for acne [Bathing Soap] Chapter I: Background of the study: Nowadays people are focusing in herbal plants especially those who are common in the environment. One of the example is the guava plant (Psidium guajava Linn). Based on research this plant is good for healing and treating wounds and other skin infections. So in my research I wan't to make a bathing soap out of it, cause I know that it is effective. People, researchers, scientists were focusing to medicinal plants.They want to prove that there are plants that are more effective against diseases especially in skin. This study refers to a plant that can be made into a bathing soap and improves its quality while using this plant (guava leaves). I want people to handle easily in treating their skin disorders. Instead of boiling the leaves, now it’s easy to apply. Boiling takes much time. Statement of the Problem: I stated that Guava leaves extract is good for skin. Based on my research, it has many constituents that is good for skin. It answers the following questions: * Is there any constituents of guave leaves that is good for skin? What are those? * It can really treat skin disorders/ Acne? Hypothesis: * Guava leaves is good treatment for acne. * It has many components or constituents. * Constituents that is good for skin disorders, especially for acnies. Significance of the Study: You can make a bathing soap with guave leaves extract as treatment for acne. This plant is very common to our environment, and aside of its avaibility; it is easy to cultivate. It contains many components for healing skin disorders. Scope and Limitation: The study of guava leaves and getting their extract is often useful.It has the ability to treat, cure, disinfect skin disorders and capable of being a herbal plant for acnes. Definition of Terms Astringent- antiseptic properties Decoction- infusion of fresh leaves used for wound cleaning and skin to prevent infec tion and to facilitate healing. Good for skin disorders. Volatile- a substance that changes into a vapor at a relatively low temperature. Eugenol- oily liquid from doves. (C10H12O2) Cloves- aromatic spice from the dried flower bud of a tropical tree. Tannin- a brownish or yellowish substance found in plants and used in astringents.Saponins- soap from plants; any group of chemical substances extracted from plants that form a soapy lather mixed with water and are used to make soap and detergent. Amydalin- resin used in paints and adhesives. Resin- yellow or brown color and organic substance from plants. Malic Acid- acid from fruit; a colorless crystalline solid found in fruits such as apples. (C4H6O5) Aldehydes- organic compound; a highly reactive organic compound produced by the oxidation of an alcohol and having a CHO group especially the acetaldehyde. Ash- the powdery substance that is left when omething has been burnt. Guava: Scientific Name: Psidium Guajava Chapter II: Review Rel ated Literature: Database File for: GUAVA (Psidium guajava) Main database Common name Botanical name Ethnic uses Conditions Actions PLANTIMAGES Photos WEBRESOURCESGUAVA Product Search Medline Abstracts USDA BARC DB HEAR Info Purdue Info W? TROPICOS DB Ethnobotany DB Phytochem DB GRIN DB USF DB ITIS DB Plants DB Raintree'sRainforestMission Home Page Company Mission Philosophy Plant Harvesting Plant Images Rainforest Products Rainforest Gallery Rainforest Facts Article Section Rainforest LinksOther Links Print Brochure Print Order Form Contact Us Search Site Privacy Policy Conditions of Use Free Service EspanolPortuguesDeutschItaliano Francais Norsk Family: Myrtaceae Genus: Psidium Species: guajava Common names: Guava, goiaba, guayaba, djamboe, djambu, goavier, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, perala, bayawas, dipajaya jambu, petokal, tokal, guave, guavenbaum, guayave, banjiro, goiabeiro, guayabo, guyaba, goeajaaba, guave, goejaba, kuawa, abas, jambu batu, bayabas, pichi, posh, enandi Part Used: Fruit, leaf, bark From The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: GUAVAHERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS Main Actions Other Actions Standard Dosage stops diarrhea depresses CNS Leaves kills bacteria lowers blood pressure Decoction: 1 cup 1-3 kills fungi reduces blood sugar times daily kills yeast constricts blood vessels kills amebas promotes menstruation relieves pain fights free radicals reduces spasms supports heart Called guayaba in Spanish-speaking countries and goiaba in Brazil, guava is a common shade tree or shrub in door-yard gardens in the tropics. It provides shade while the guava fruits are eaten fresh and made into drinks, ice cream, and preserves.In the richness of the Amazon, guava fruits often grow well beyond the size of tennis balls on well-branched trees or shrubs reaching up to 20 m high. Cultivated varieties average about 10 meters in height and produce lemon-sized fruits. The tree is easily identified by its distinctive thin, smooth, copper-colored bark that flak es off, showing a greenish layer beneath. Guava fruit today is considered minor in terms of commercial world trade but is widely grown in the tropics, enriching the diet of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics of the world.Guava has spread widely throughout the tropics because it thrives in a variety of soils, propagates easily, and bears fruit relatively quickly. The fruits contain numerous seeds that can produce a mature fruit-bearing plant within four years. In the Amazon rainforest guava fruits are much enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which disperse guava seeds in their droppings and cause spontaneous clumps of guava trees to grow throughout the rainforest. TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USESGuava may have been domesticated in Peru several thousand years ago; Peruvian archaeological sites have revealed guava seeds found stored with beans, corn, squash, and other cultivated plants. Guava fruit is still enjoyed as a sweet treat by indigenous peoples throughout the rainforest, a nd the leaves and bark of the guava tree have a long history of medicinal uses that are still employed today. The Tikuna Indians decoct the leaves or bark of guava as a cure for diarrhea.In fact, an infusion or decoction made from the leaves and/or bark has been used by many tribes for diarrhea and dysentery throughout the Amazon, and Indians also employ it for sore throats, vomiting, stomach upsets, for vertigo, and to regulate menstrual periods. Tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and bad breath, and it is said to prevent hangovers (if chewed before drinking). Indians throughout the Amazon gargle a leaf decoction for mouth sores, bleeding gums, or use it as a douche for vaginal discharge and to tighten and tone vaginal walls after childbirth.A decoction of the bark and/or leaves or a flower infusion is used topically for wounds, ulcers and skin sores. Flowers are also mashed and applied to painful eye conditions such as sun strain, conjunctivitis or eye injuries. Centuries ago, European adventurers, traders, and missionaries in the Amazon Basin took the much enjoyed and tasty fruits to Africa, Asia, India, and the Pacific tropical regions, so that it is now cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world. Commercially the fruit is consumed fresh or used in the making of jams, jellies, paste or hardened jam, and juice.Guava leaves are in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diarrhea, and the leaves are still used for diarrhea in Latin America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. In Peruvian herbal medicine systems today the plant is employed for diarrhea, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, gastric disorders, vomiting, coughs, vaginal discharges, menstrual pain and hemorrhages, and edema. In Brazil guava is considered an astringent drying agent and diuretic and is used for the same conditions as in Peru.A decoction is also recommended as a gargle for sore throats, laryngitis and swelling of the mouth, and used externally for ski n ulcers, and vaginal irritation and discharges. PLANT CHEMICALS Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, fiber and fatty acids. Guava fruit is higher in vitamin C than citrus (80 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fruit) and contains appreciable amounts of vitamin A as well. Guava fruits are also a good source of pectin – a dietary fiber.The leaves of guava are rich in flavonoids, in particular, quercetin. Much of guava's therapeutic activity is attributed to these flavonoids. The flavonoids have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Quercetin is thought to contribute to the anti-diarrhea effect of guava; it is able to relax intestinal smooth muscle and inhibit bowel contractions. In addition, other flavonoids and triterpenes in guava leaves show antispasmodic activity. Guava also has antioxidant properties which is attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves.Guava's main plant chemicals include: alan ine, alpha-humulene, alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, alpha-selinene, amritoside, araban, arabinose, arabopyranosides, arjunolic acid, aromadendrene, ascorbic acid, ascorbigen, asiatic acid, aspartic acid, avicularin, benzaldehyde, butanal, carotenoids, caryophyllene, catechol-tannins, crataegolic acid, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl octanoate, essential oils, flavonoids, gallic acid, glutamic acid, goreishic acid, guafine, guavacoumaric acid, guaijavarin, guajiverine, guajivolic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid, guajavanoic acid, histidine, hyperin, ilelatifol D, isoneriucoumaric acid, isoquercetin, jacoumaric acid, lectins, leucocyanidins, limonene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lysine, mecocyanin, myricetin, myristic acid, nerolidiol, obtusinin, octanol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pectin, polyphenols, psidiolic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, serine, sesquiguavene, tannins, terpenes, and ursolic acid. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH The long history of guava's use has led modern-day researchers to study guava extracts. Its traditional use for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and other digestive complaints has been validated in numerous clinical studies. A plant drug has even been developed from guava leaves (standardized to its quercetin content) for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Human clinical trials with the drug indicate its effectiveness in treating diarrhea in adults. Guava leaf extracts and fruit juice has also been clinically studied for infantile diarrhea.In a clinical study with 62 infants with infantile rotaviral enteritis, the recovery rate was 3 days (87. 1%) in those treated with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter time period than controls. It was concluded in the study that guava has â€Å"good curative effect on infantile rotaviral enteritis. † Guava has many different properties that contribute to its antidiarrheal effect: it has been doc umented with pronounced antibacterial, antiamebic and antispasmodic activity. It has also shown to have a tranquilizing effect on intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-absorption of water in the intestines.In other research, an alcoholic leaf extract was reported to have a morphine-like effect, by inhibiting the gastrointestinal release of chemicals in acute diarrheal disease. This morphine-like effect was thought to be related to the chemical quercetin. In addition, lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E-coli (a common diarrhea-causing organism), preventing its adhesion to the intestinal wall and thus preventing infection (and resulting diarrhea). The effective use of guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis can also be related to guava's documented antibacterial properties. Bark and leaf extracts have shown to have in vitro toxic action against numerous bacteria.In several studies guava showed significant antiba cterial activity against such common diarrhea-causing bacteria as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas. It has also demonstrated antifungal, anti-yeast (candida), anti-amebic, and antimalarial actions. In a recent study with guinea pigs (in 2003) Brazilian researchers reported that guava leaf extracts have numerous effects on the cardiovascular system which might be beneficial in treating irregular heat beat (arrhythmia). Previous research indicated guava leaf provided antioxidant effects beneficial to the heart, heart protective properties, and improved myocardial function.In two randomized human studies, the consumption of guava fruit for 12 weeks was shown to reduce blood pressure by an average 8 points, decrease total cholesterol levels by 9%, decrease triglycerides by almost 8%, and increase â€Å"good† HDL cholesterol by 8%. The effects were attributed to the high potassium and soluble fiber content of the fruit (however 1-2 pounds of fruit was consumed daily by the study subjects to obtain these results! ). In other animal studies guava leaf extracts have evidenced analgesic, sedative, and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity, as well as a cough suppressant actions. The fruit or fruit juice has been documented to lower lood sugar levels in normal and diabetic animals and humans. Most of these studies confirm the plant's many uses in tropical herbal medicine systems. CURRENT PRACTICAL USES Guava, known as the poor man's apple of the tropics, has a long history of traditional use, much of which is being validated by scientific research. It is a wonderful natural remedy for diarrhea – safe enough even for young children. For infants and children under the age of 2, just a cup daily of guava fruit juice is helpful for diarrhea. For older children and adults, a cup once or twice daily of a leaf decoction is the tropical herbal medicine standard. Though not widely available in the U. S . arket, tea-cut and powdered leaves can be obtained from larger health food stores or suppliers of bulk botanicals. Newer in the market are guava leaf extracts that are used in various herbal formulas for a myriad of purposes; from herbal antibiotic and diarrhea formulas to bowel health and weight loss formulas. Toxicity studies with rats and mice, as well as controlled human studies show both the leaf and fruit to be safe and without side effects. GUAVA PLANT SUMMARY Main Preparation Method: decoction Main Actions (in order): antidysenteric, antiseptic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart) Main Uses: or dysentery (bacterial and amebic), diarrhea, colic, and infantile rotavirus enteritis as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial for internal and external bacterial, fungal, candidal, and amebic infections to tone, balance, protect and strengthen the heart (and for arrhythmia and some heart diseases) as a cough suppressant, analgesic (pain-reliev er), and febrifuge (reduces fever) for colds, flu, sore throat, etc as a topical remedy for ear and eye infections Properties/Actions Documented by Research: amebicide, analgesic (pain-reliever), antibacterial, anticandidal, antidysenteric, antifungal, antimalarial, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antiulcerous, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart), central nervous system depressant, cough suppressant, gastrototonic (tones, balances, strengthens the gastric tract), hypotensive (lowers blood ressure), sedative, vasoconstrictor Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, antiseptic, astringent, blood cleanser, digestive stimulant, menstrual stimulant, nervine (balances/calms nerves), vermifuge (expels worms) Cautions: It has a cardiac depressant effect and is contraindicated in some heart conditions. Traditional Preparation: The fruit and juice is freely consumed for its great taste, nutritional benefit and nutrient content, as well as an effective children's diarrhea remedy. The leaves are prepared in a standard decoction and dosages are generally 1 cup 1-3 times daily. Contraindications:Guava has recently demonstrated cardiac depressant activity and should be used with caution by those on heart medications. Guava fruit has shown to lower blood sugar levels and it should be avoided by people with hypoglycemia. Drug Interactions: None reported, however excessive or chronic consumption of guava may potentiate some heart medications. WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES Amazonia for diarrhea, dysentery, menstrual disorders, stomachache, vertigo Brazil for anorexia, cholera, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, gastric insufficiency, inflamed mucous membranes, laryngitis, mouth(swelling), skin problems, sore throat, ulcers, vaginal discharge Cuba for colds, dysentery, dyspepsia Ghana coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, toothache Haiti or dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, itch, piles, scabies, skin sores, sore t hroat, stomachache, wounds, and as an antiseptic and astringent India for anorexia, cerebral ailments, childbirth, chorea, convulsions, epilepsy, nephritis Malaya for dermatosis, diarrhea, epilepsy, hysteria, menstrual disorders Mexico for deafness, diarrhea, itch, scabies, stomachache, swelling, ulcer, worms, wounds Peru for conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, edema, gout, hemorrhages, gastroenteritis, gastritis, lung problems, PMS, shock, vaginal discharge, vertigo, vomiting, worms Philippines for sores, wounds, and as an astringent Trinidad bacterial infections, blood cleansing, diarrhea, dysenteryElsewhere for anorexia, aches, bacterial infections, boils, bowel disorders, bronchitis, catarrh, cholera, chorea, colds, colic, convulsions, coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, edema, epilepsy, fever, gingivitis, hemorrhoids, itch, jaundice, menstrual problems, nausea, nephritis, respiratory problems, rheumatism, scabies, sore throat, spasms, sprains, st omach problems, swelling, tonic, toothache, ulcers, worms, wounds, and as an antiseptic and astringent References/Footnotes: Conde Garcia, E. A. , et al. â€Å"Inotropic effects of extracts of Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaves on the guinea pig atrium. † Braz. J. of Med. & Biol. Res. 2003; 36: 661-668.Suntornsuk, L. , et al. â€Å"Quantitation of vitamin C content in herbal juice using direct titration. † J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002; 28(5): 849-55. Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. M. , et al. â€Å"The phytochemical database. † (ACEDB version 4. 3-Data version July 1994. ) National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jimenez-Escrig, A. , et al. â€Å"Guava fruit (Psidium guajava L. ) as a new source of antioxidant dietary fiber. † J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001; 49(11): 5489-93. Smith, Nigel J. H. , et al. Tropical Forests and their Crops. London: Cornell University Press. 1992. Arima, H. , et al . Isolation of antimicrobial compounds from guava (Psidium guajava L. ) and their structural elucidation. † Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2002; 66(8): 1727-30. Morales, M. A. , et al. â€Å"Calcium-antagonist effect of quercetin and its relation with the spasmolytic properties of Psidium guajava L. † Arch. Med. Res. 1994; 25(1): 17-21. Lozoya, X. , et al. â€Å"Quercetin glycosides in Psidium guajava L. leaves and determination of a spasmolytic principle. † Arch. Med. Res. 1994; 25(1): 11-5. Begum, S. , et al. â€Å"Triterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. † Phytochemistry 2002; 61(4): 399-403. Lozoya, X. , et al. â€Å"Intestinal anti-spasmodic effect of a phytodrug of Psidium guajava olia in the treatment of acute diarrheic disease. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 83(1-2): 19-24. Wei, L. , et al. â€Å"Clinical study on treatment of infantile rotaviral enteritis with Psidium guajava L. † Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000; 20(12): 8 93-5. Tona, L. , et al. â€Å"Biological screening of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasa, Congo. † Phytomedicine 1999; 6(1): 59-66. Lozoya, X. , et al. â€Å"Model of intraluminal perfusion of the guinea pig ileum in vitro in the study of the antidiarrheal properties of the guava (Psidium guajava). † Arch. Invest. Med. (Mex). 1990; 21(2): 155-62. Almeida, C. E. , et al. Analysis of antidiarrhoeic effect of plants used in popular medicine. † Rev. Saude Publica. 1995; 29(6): 428-33. Lin, J. , et al. â€Å"Anti-diarrhoeal evaluation of some medicinal plants used by Zulu traditional healers. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 79(1): 53-6. Lutterodt, G. D. â€Å"Inhibition of Microlax-induced experimental diarrhea with narcotic-like extracts of Psidium guajava leaf in rats. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 37(2): 151-7. Lutterodt, G. D. â€Å"Inhibition of gastrointestinal release of acetylcholine by quercetin as a possible mode of action of Psidium guajava leaf extracts in the treatment of acute diarrhoeal disease. † J. Ethnopharmcol. 1989; 25(3): 235-47. Coutino-Rodriguez, R. et al, â€Å"Lectins in fruits having gastrointestinal activity: their participation in the hemagglutinating property of Escherichia coli O157:H7. † Arch. Med. Res. 2001; 32(4): 251-7. Abdelrahim, S. I. , et al. â€Å"Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. † Fitoterapia 2002; 73(7-8): 713-5. Holetz, F. B. , et al. â€Å"Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. † Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97(7): 1027-31. Caceres, A. , et al. â€Å"Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990; 30(1): 55-73. Garcia, S. et al, â€Å"Inhibition of growth, enterotoxin production, and spore formation of Clostridium perfringens by extra cts of medicinal plants. † J. Food Prot. 2002; 65(10): 1667-9. Tona, L. , et al. â€Å"Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. † Phytomedicine 2000; 7(1): 31-8. Tona, L. , et al. â€Å"Antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some Congolese medicinal plants. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 61(1): 57-65. Nundkumar, N. , et al. â€Å"Studies on the antiplasmodial properties of some South African medicinal plants used as antimalarial remedies in Zulu folk medicine. † Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002; 24(7): 397-401. Yamashiro, S. , et al. Cardioprotective effects of extracts from Psidium guajava L. and Limonium wrigth II, Okinawan medicinal plants, against ischemia-reperfusion injury in perfused rat hearts. † Pharmacology 2003; 67(3): 128-35. Singh, R. B. , et al. â€Å"Can guava fruit intake decrease blood pressure and blood lipids? † J. Hum Hypertens. 1993 ; 7(1): 33-8. Singh, R. B. , et al. â€Å"Effects of guava intake on serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on systemic blood pressure. † Am. J. Cardiol. 1992; 70(15): 1287-91. Shaheen, H. M. , et al. â€Å"Effect of Psidium guajava leaves on some aspects of the central nervous system in mice. † Phytother. Res. 2000; 14(2): 107-11. Lutterodt, G.D. , et al. â€Å"Effects on mice locomotor activity of a narcotic-like principle from Psidium guajava leaves. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 24(2-3): 219-31. Jaiarj, P. , et al. â€Å"Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 67(2): 203-12. Cheng, J. T. , et al. â€Å"Hypoglycemic effect of guava juice in mice and human subjects. † Am. J. Clin. Med. 1983; 11(1-4): 74-6. Roman-Ramos, R. , et al. â€Å"Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. † J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995. The above text has been printed from The He aling Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted  © 2005 All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission. †  The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The information contained in this plant database file is intended for education, entertainment and information purposes only. This information is not intended to be used to diagnose, prescribe or replace proper medical care. The plant described herein is not intended to treat, cure, diagnose, mitigate or prevent any disease. Please refer to our Conditions of Use for using this plant database file and web site.  © Copyrighted 1996 to present by Raintree Nutrition, Inc. , Carson City, NV